Columns & Articles

Exciting TEFL opportunity in Asia:

This article is for English Students.

TEFL or Teaching English as a Foreign Language is an interesting career choice these days due to the increasing demand for learning English across the globe.

English has become the most important mode of communication these days on a global scale, creating huge demand for the language all across the globe. Hence the demand for English teachers has increased as well. The international chain of schools in different countries is hiring English teachers to impart quality education that can complement the global standard. It is not at all mandatory to have a TEFL certificate to find an English teaching job abroad, but it obviously is a great add-on. The certificate will increase the chance of getting an English teaching job as it will enhance the credibility of the applicant. One may pursue a Master’s Degree in TEFL from an authentic institution that will offer a globally recognized certificate on the successful completion of the course.

Asia has been the continent that has a huge demand for English teachers at every possible corner. The continent has a number of developing countries trying hard to participate in the global market with all their available resources. Communication plays an important role in the global market and English is the language for communication. Asia features amazing destinations for tourism and in order to boost tourism and attract more people across the globe, English has found great demand in that area as well. There are a number of English teaching jobs available all over in Asia with a demand for EFL teaching and a major chunk of aspiring teachers are interested to select this continent as a favorable option.

Japan is one of the most popular choices for EFL teaching as Japanese lifestyle is a major draw. EFL teaching in Japan is absolute fun. There are many beautiful places to visit in Japan and many exciting experiences awaiting visitors. The food culture in Japan is unique and has a robust fan following. Travelling on bullet train is a grand experience itself. The bullet train plays an important role in the economy of Japan. The country is well connected through bullet train that helps one to reach destination on time. The education system in Japan boasts of quality. Teaching experience in Japan is a learning experience followed by  a great salary package.

Thailand is another popular destination in Asia that features numbers of TEFL jobs. It has been a popular choice among all the TEFL job seekers. Teaching in an exciting destination like Thailand is always fun. Teaching in Thailand will give one endless opportunity to explore the amazing destinations and exclusive Thai food. One cannot simply miss out the opportunity of riding elephants and scuba diving in Thailand. There are a number of interesting places for scuba diving each featuring special attraction. People from different corner of the world go there for scuba diving and one can also experience something enticing. Thailand is also known for excellent rainforests. One can explore those forests on the back of a giant elephant. Thailand is the country known for amazing sea beaches. One can spend an amazing leisure time on the beach and restore some psychological refreshment.

South Korea is another interesting destination in Asia for TEFL opportunity. Teaching in South Korea can be absolute fun. While working as an EFL teacher in South Korea, one may experience a time that one will remember forever. One can take active part in winter festival that occurs during the month of January. It is called Sancheoneo Ice Festival. Undoubtedly, this is a grand experience to participate in it. This festival is all about ice fishing. During winter time, the Hwacheoncheon Stream freezes. People come here to catch fresh water fishes. They make a hole in the ice and start fishing. This festival includes a lot of patience, excitement, joy and moreover a fantastic experience. People who have no idea about fishing, they do not have to be only viewers in the festival. There is something for them as well. They can absolutely jump into the pool of icy water, which is filled with fishes for barehanded fishing game. The Gyeongbukgung Palace is another interesting place and huge historical attraction in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. One can visit this place during his or her stay in South Korea working as an EFL teacher.

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Different Types of Titrations:

This article is for the students of Chemistry & Chemical Studies.

Titration is a basic analytical method to determine the potency of any material. It is widely used in pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

The examination has a vital impact on an evaluation of any compound for its quality and amount. It helps us to hold a minded the quality, security of medications, sustenance, chemicals and additional noteworthy substances. Titration is one of the crucial methods for systematic science to evaluate concoction substances. It is a procedure of investigation wherein a matter beneath test is admissible to react with a distinguished compound in an answer in presence of a pointer.

There are different sorts of titration for divergent resolutions. Be that as it may, every one of them some regular practice. Through titration, the pointer indicates the end point i.e. it appears when the material under test has been completely responded with the investigating substitute. The blend added to guess is called titrant and the material underestimation is called titrant. The titrant is saved in a container while titrant is tossed down from a burette till the end point is accomplished. The main determination of titration is subjective and quantitative estimate a given material.

There are various sorts of titrations for examination of blends or materials. These strategies are beneficial, dynamic furthermore peaceful to accomplish. The methodologies are additionally reproducible through every one of the labs. They have alike necessities and outputs in the event that one trails a settled procedure. In light of strategy for titration: They are three sorts of titration built on the method utilized as a part of the technique of different types of titration. The three sorts contain the following:

1. Coordinate titration: As the term determines, it is essential titration. A recognized amount of titrant is added from burets to a titrant analyzer involved in a cup. Here one fixing is analyzed for its amount by an extra substance of perceived volume and thought.
2. In-direct titration: Academically it is changing a material into a corrosive and looking at with a base. This is a method incited to utilize titration for non-promptly unstable substances. A material can be faintly acidic thus it doesn't authentication for correct investigation by direct titration. So first that material is synthetically changed to be additional unpredictable in acidic or fundamental kind and afterward analyzed by including a titrant.
3. Back titration: This technique is likewise suitable for pitifully unstable or non-unpredictable material gauge. Here a fixing is allowed to respond with a surplus and recognized the amount of a base or a corrosive. The rest of base or corrosive is unsurprising by a perceived amount of corrosive or base responsively. It is referred to as back titration as we are approximating a substance which was further included by us. In light of the way of solvents and concoction response: The titrations can likewise be arranged in light of nature of diluents utilized. In light of the dissolvable utilized, they can be ordered as fluid and non-watery sorts.

Extra in light of the way of concoction response they are arranged as below:

1. Fluid titrations: Corrosive base titrations. An obscure representation of corrosive is evaluated with a perceived amount base or bad habit verse. The conclusion result achieves unbiased point at pH-7 and much of the time salt is formed.
2. Redox titrations: The entire name is oxidation-lessening titration. Here a lessening specialist is allowed to respond with an oxidizing operator till end point. The normal oxidizing operators utilized are Potassium permanganate, bromine, cerium and so on.
3. Complex metric titrations: As the name assigns, the end point is appearing by a foundation of a perplexing particle. Here titrant responds to shape a complex till end point is accomplished. When complex is framed, the complex is relentless and not extra response happens. The response relies on the chelating operator's ability to shape multifaceted with the analyzer under test. The case of the chelate is ethylene tetra-acidic corrosive sodium salt.

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How To Prepare For Job And Importance Of Current Affairs:

This article is for those students who are the applicants of various jobs and preparing for the test and interview and also for those who are in search of jobs.

To prepare for the interview aspirant can appear in mock interview session, so that they are well versed with the procedure, do and don’ts. Moreover, there are various resources available online to improve oneself.

Government jobs have always been in huge demand in our country, mostly because of a steady career path, job security, less stress and respect. With this amount of demand also comes very tough competition. One has to prepare with agreat amount of dedication and persistence.

Government job preparation can be made relatively easier by doing smart work in combination with hard work.

There are various options available in various departments, aspirants should first determine their field of interest- determining interest is the first step in order to achieve success.

Aspirants should focus on the basics, skills, strength and weaknesses, this help in the better analysis of oneself.

Once the aspirant is sure about his interest and skills, a proper research should be put up in order to explore more about the field, future options, growth opportunities etc.

There are various exams conducted for such jobs, both at the state level as well as national level.

The aspirant should also consider the desired location to work, and about the transfer opportunities.

Next, theaspirant should focus on the exam pattern, there are many exams happening around the country, analysing the exam pattern is very essential.

Properly analysing the exam pattern gives an edge over other people, the aspirant should also refer to old exam papers for the exam, the help in determining the level of exam paper and frequently asked topics.

The selection procedure usually consists of one or two written exams, and an interview following it, final merit list is presentedusually by giving weightage to all scores.

During the preparation time, the aspirant should follow a proper time table.Also, a timeline should be decided to finish off the preparation so that enough time is left for the revision. Revision is important to increase the retention of knowledge.

Current affairs for govt job is a very important part, not only it helps for the written exam but also for the interview.

Interviews mainly test communication skills, general knowledge, and current affairs awareness.

Current affairs section isn’t just about events happened recently, it consists of all incidents happening around us, current affairs can be easy scoring if proper preparation is done.

Current affairs need continues preparation, aspirants should regularly read the entire newspaper, also notes can be taken about important events for quick revision later.Also, there are various website and forums available on the internet which regularly updates about various current affairs topics.

The aspirant should also work on one's communication skills. The speaking should be loud and clear, selection and usage of the words should be proper. One should also take care of confidence level, both lack of confidence and over confidence are harmful. Also During the interview, the candidate should be dressed properly, preferably in formals and soothing colour.

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The Way To Restore Window 7:

This article is for all of those who wants to restore their windows 7 for several reasons:

How to Restore Windows 7

1. Using System Restore

2. Restoring the Registry

3. Repair Windows 7 Installation 

4. Restore System Files

*Using System Restore

The machine Restore is a program which is already set up in Windows 7 which let us you

pick a restore point (we. e. an exact period) where you need to recover your computer.

The actual steps are as below:

1. Click on Start | All Programs | Accessories | System Tools | System Restore. 

2. Click Next to continue. 

3. Select a system restore point. [Note: There must be an active system restore point available. 

   If it is not, you cannot proceed next.] 

4. Click Restore Computer button and follow the wizard.

*Restoring the Registry

This formula is only valid when you have created a back-up of your own overall / partial registry.

The Registry Editor allows the user to back-up and restore the registry through it's menu directions.

Here are the steps to restore Windows 7 registry to a previous backup:

1. Click Start. 

2. Type RegEdit in the Search box. 

3. Press ENTER to load Registry Editor. 

4. Click File | Import. 

5. Select a saved Registration File (.reg). [.reg file is the backup file of your registry which you may have previously created.] 

6. Click Open button to continue. 

7. Wait till the registry restore process is completed. This may take some time depending 

   on the number of registry entries selected to restore. 

8. Close Registry Editor when done.

*Repair Windows 7 Installation

The Windows set up can be fixed in order to recover Windows 7.

This option is only accessible by the Windows 7 Set up and thus you must have

the boot-able set up media in order to continue next.

1. Insert Windows 7 installation disc. 

2. Reboot the system. 

3. Press F2 or Delete and change the boot sequence as specified below: 

a. First Boot Device: DVD ROM 

b. Second Boot Device: Hard Disk 

4. Save your settings and exit. The system will automatically restart. 

5. When prompted, press any key, for example, ENTER to continue with the inserted disc. 

6. After the setup is successfully loaded, click Repair my computer option 

   to start repairing Windows 7 installation and restore it to defaults.

*Restore System Files

Data corruption in the system files can involve us to restore all of them returning to their

basic states. To revive Windows 7 program files, go along with these steps:

1. Insert Windows 7 installation disc. 

2. Click Start | Run. 

3. Type SFC /ScanNow and press ENTER. 

4. Follow the instructions on your screen.

*Highly Recommended

The above suggestions help you to restore Home windows 7.

If you are searching for Registry Back-up then use the Intel Software Partner program known as RegInOut below:

http://www.reginout.com

courtesy by: articlebase 

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Pakistan Foreign Policy:

This article is for the students of Pak. Studies & Pak. Affairs.

Introduction
No country today can think of a life independent of other nations. Every country has to develop relations with other countries so as to meet its requirements in economical, industrial and technological fields. It is thus necessary for every country to formulate a sound foreign policy. Pakistan is an important third world country, in its developmental stage. It also has formulated her foreign policy keeping in mind its geography, politics and economics.

Definition of Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy can be defined as
Relations between sovereign states. It is a reflection of domestic politics and an interaction among sovereign states. It indicates the principles and preferences on which a country wants to establish relations with another country
Pakistan's Foreign Policy in Light of Quaid-e-Azam's Words
The father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam defined Foreign Policy towards other countries of the world in 1948, as follows

Our Foreign Policy is one of friendliness and good-will towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the policy of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter

Basic Goals of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

1. Maintenance of territorial integrity.

2. Maintenance of its political independence.

3. Acceleration of social and economic development.

4. Strengthening its place on the globe.

5. Keeping cordial and friendly relations with all countries.

Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

Following are the basic principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy

1. Protection of Freedom and Sovereignity
Pakistan came into being after great sacrifices of million of Muslims. Like any other country, she also considers with deep regard the need for preservation of its independence and does not allow any country to harm its freedom. Therefore, the principle of protection of independence and sovereignity is the corner stone of Pakistan's Foreign Policy.
2. Cordial Relations with Muslim Countries

Pakistan always tries to establish cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. It has always moved its concern against Israel, India and U.S.S.R capturing Palestine, Kashmir and Afghanistan respectively. She has shouldered high responsibilities and used her influence for safeguarding the rights of the Muslims. Pakistan is also an active member of the Islamic Conference.

3. Non-Interference in Internal Affairs of Other Countries

Pakistan has sought to establish normal and friendly relations with all countries especially in neighbouring countries, on the basis of universally acknowledge the principle of national sovereignity, non use of force, non-interference in the internal affairs of states.

4. Implementation of U.N Charter

Pakistan's policy is to act upon UN charter and to support all moves by the UN to implement it. Pakistan has been the member of UN since the year of its birth.

5. Promotion of World Peace

Pakistan's policy is to promote peace among nations. It has no aggressive designs against any country. Neither does it support any such action. Pakistan has always held that the international disputes should be settled through negotiations rather than non-battlefield.

6. Non-Alignment

Pakistan follows the policy of Non-Alignment i.e. to keep away from alignment with any big power bloc, and avoids taking sides in the cold war. It has also given up its association with SEATO and CENTO and was included in NAM in 1979.

7. Support for Self-Determination and Condemnation of Racial Discrimination

Pakistan is a stomach supporter of the right of self-determination and has been in the fore front of efforts to eliminate colonialism and racism. It has advocated the right of self-determination of Kashmir.

8. Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament

Pakistan is deeply conscious of the fact that international peace and security cannot be achieved and sustained in the world with arms. Disarmament is the imperative condition for truly durable peace in the world. Pakistan has a vital stake in promotion of disarmament both in the nuclear and conventional fields. It is included in the principles of its foreign policy that a collective endeavour by countries at the regional level to promote disarmament and enhance security at the lowest possible level of armaments is an indispensable result to their advocacy of global disarmament.

9. Member of International Organization

Pakistan had become the member of the British Commonwealth with the time of its establishment. In addition it is the member of United Nations (U.N), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), and D-Eight. Being a member of International Organizations the objectives of Pakistan are to struggle for world peace, to unify the Muslim countries and to promote regional co-operation.
Conclusion
The guiding principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy are rooted in the country's Islamic ideology, its rich cultural heritage and historical experience. As an Islamic and non-aligned country, Pakistan supports Islamic causes and firmly upholds the above mentioned principles, which hold out the promise of a just and equitable world order in which nations can live in peace and security.
Courtesy by CSSforum.

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History Of Kashmir Issue:

This article is for the students of History and Pak. Studies.

The Kashmir dispute dates from 1947. The partition of the Indian sub-continent along religious lines led to the formation of India and Pakistan. However, there remained the problem of over 650 states, run by princes, existing within the two newly independent countries.

In theory, these princely states had the option of deciding which country to join, or of remaining independent. In practice, the restive population of each province proved decisive.

The people had been fighting for freedom from British rule, and with their struggle about to bear fruit they were not willing to let the princes fill the vacuum.

Although many princes wanted to be "independent" (which would have meant hereditary monarchies and no hope for democracy) they had to succumb to their people's protests which turned violent in many provinces.

Because of its location, Kashmir could choose to join either India or Pakistan. Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of Kashmir, was Hindu while most of his subjects were Muslim. Unable to decide which nation Kashmir should join, Hari Singh chose to remain neutral.

But his hopes of remaining independent were dashed in October 1947, as Pakistan sent in Muslim tribesmen who were knocking at the gates of the capital Srinagar.

Hari Singh appealed to the Indian government for military assistance and fled to India. He signed the Instrument of Accession, ceding Kashmir to India on October 26.

Indian and Pakistani forces thus fought their first war over Kashmir in 1947-48. India referred the dispute to the United Nations on 1 January. In a resolution dated August 13, 1948, the UN asked Pakistan to remove its troops, after which India was also to withdraw the bulk of its forces.

Once this happened, a "free and fair" plebiscite was to be held to allow the Kashmiri people to decide their future.

India, having taken the issue to the UN, was confident of winning a plebiscite, since the most influential Kashmiri mass leader, Sheikh Abdullah, was firmly on its side. An emergency government was formed on October 30, 1948 with Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister.

Pakistan ignored the UN mandate and continued fighting, holding on to the portion of Kashmir under its control. On January 1, 1949, a ceasefire was agreed, with 65 per cent of the territory under Indian control and the remainder with Pakistan.

The ceasefire was intended to be temporary but the Line of Control remains the de facto border between the two countries.

In 1957, Kashmir was formally incorporated into the Indian Union. It was granted a special status under Article 370 of India's constitution, which ensures, among other things, that non-Kashmiri Indians cannot buy property there.

Fighting broke out again in 1965, but a ceasefire was established that September. Indian Prime Minister, Lal Bhadur Shastri, and Pakistani President, M Ayub Khan, signed the Tashkent agreement on January 1, 1966.

They resolved to try to end the dispute, but the death of Mr Shastri and the rise of Gen Yahya Khan in Pakistan resulted in stalemate.

In 1971a third war, resulting in the formation of the independent nation of Bangladesh (formerly known as East Pakistan). A war had broken out in East Pakistan in March 1971, and soon India was faced with a million refugees.

India declared war on December 3, 1971 after Pakistani Air Force planes struck Indian airfields in the Western sector.

Two weeks later, the Indian army marched into Dhaka and the Pakistanis surrendered. In the Western sector the Indians managed to blockade the port city of Karachi and were 50 km into Pakistani territory when a ceasefire was reached.

In 1972 Indira Gandhi, the Indian prime minister, and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, her Pakistani opposite number (and father of Benazir Bhutto, a later Pakistani premier), signed the Simla Agreement, which reiterated the promises made in Tashkent.

The two sides once again agreed to resolve the issue peacefully, as domestic issues dominated.

Both India and Pakistan had other important domestic problems which kept Kashmir on the back-burner. In 1975 Indira Gandhi declared a state of national emergency, but she was defeated in the 1978 general elections.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was overthrown and hanged in 1977; Pakistan reverted to military dictatorship under Gen Zia ul Haq.

The balance of influence had decisively tilted in Pakistan's favour by the late 1980s, with people's sympathy no longer with the Indian union as it had been in 1947-48 and 1965.

Mrs Gandhi's attempts to install puppet governments in state capitals, manipulating the democratic process in the state legislatures, deeply angered the Kashmiris.

The status quo was largely maintained until 1989 when pro-independence and pro-Pakistan guerrillas struck in the Indian Kashmir valley. They established a reign of terror and drove out almost all the Hindus from the valley before the Indian army moved in to flush them out. Meanwhile Indian and Pakistani troops regularly exchanged fire at the border.

Whereas in 1948 India took the Kashmir issue to the UN and was all for a plebiscite, by the 1990s it hid behind the Simla agreement and thwarted any attempts at UN or third-party mediation.

Over the decades the plebiscite advocated by India's great statesman Jawaharlal Nehru became a dirty word in New Delhi. These developments have led many to believe that Delhi has squandered the Kashmiri people's trust and allegiance.

India and Pakistan both tested nuclear devices in May 1998, and then in April 1999 test-fired missiles in efforts to perfect delivery systems for their nuclear weapons. Pakistan tested its Ghauri II missile four days after India's testing of its long-range (1,250 km) Agni II.

Although Pakistan claims that its missiles are an indigenous effort, in July 1999 Indian customs agents seized components shipped from North Korea which they claim were destined for Pakistan's missile programme.

Pakistan's later intermediate-range Ghauri III missile has a range of about 3,000 km.

When the Indian Prime Minister, Atal Behari Vajpayee, set out to Lahore by bus on February 20, 1999, inaugurating the four times a week Delhi-Lahore-Delhi bus service, the world felt that such a genuine effort at friendly neighbourhood relations would lower the tension along the Line of Control in Kashmir.

But, all hopes of diplomacy disappeared once the cross-LOC firing in Kargil began during the mid-1990s. The death toll , including both soldiers and civilians, was more than 30,000.

In the first week of August 1998 Indian and Pakistani troops exchanged artillery fire, described by locals as heavier than that of the 1948 and 1965 wars put together. An estimated 50,000 rounds of ammunition were expended and a large number of soldiers and civilians killed.

In the summer of 1999 hostility in Kargil went far beyond the now familiar annual exhange of artillery fire.

When India began patrolling the Kargil heights that summer, it found to its horror that many key posts vacated in the winter were occupied by infiltrators. A patrol was ambushed in the first week of May 1999. India belatedly realised the magnitude of the occupation - which was around 10 km deep and spanned almost 100 km of the LOC - and sent MiG fighters into action on May 26.

India contended that the infiltrators were trained and armed by Pakistan, and based in "Azad Kashmir" with the full knowledge of the Pakistani government - and that Afghan and other foreign mercenaries accompanied them.

Pakistan insisted that those involved were freedom fighters from Kashmir and that it was giving only moral support.

India ordered the jets not to stray into Pakistani territory; but those that did were shot down.

The conflict ended only after Bill Clinton, the US President, and Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan's Prime minister, met in Washington on July 4, 1999.

Meanwhile, the Indian Army had made significant advances, capturing vital territory on July 4. Despite the apparent efforts to mediate, the US maintained that it was not interfering in what India still claims to be a bilateral issue.

Pakistan withdrew its forces later that month. However, skirmishing continued, and in August India shot down a Pakistani reconnaissance plane, killing 16.

The official number of Indian troops lost in Kargil was around 500, with almost double that number of "infiltrators" killed. Nevertheless, India did not declare war against Pakistan - instead, Mr Vajpayee ambigously announced a "war-like situation".

Yet this, by all accounts of soldiers and top Indian army officers involved, was a war in which India lost men engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Pakistani soldiers in the heights of Kargil - a war that could be compared with the one of 1948-49, which was limited to Kashmir, with the other border regions remaining peaceful.

Thus in 1999, in a war limited to one sector, India suffered casualities within its own territory. Despite much pressure from the military and the public, the government decided not to cross the LOC. Pakistan too suffered criticism at home for limiting its war to artillery fire across the LOC and shooting down Indian aircraft.

The fear of a full-scale war (with nuclear capability adding a deadly dimension), coupled with precarious economies and the knowledge of what international sanctions could do to them, may have prevailed in both countries.
Edited by: Educators-inn.blogspot.com

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Causes Of Terrorism In Pakistan:

This Article is for the students of MSc Mass Communication AIOU

The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary describes extremism as “political, religious etc. ideas or actions that are extreme and not normal, reasonable or acceptable to most people. In other words, extremism is a term used to describe the actions or ideologies of individuals or groups outside the perceived political center of a society; or otherwise claimed to violate common standards of ethics and reciprocity. It is typically used in reference to political and social ideologies seen as irrational, counterproductive, unjustifiable, or otherwise unacceptable to a civil society. The term indicates the illegitimacy of certain ideas or methods. According to Merriam Webster dictionary, Extremism is a quality or state of being extreme, especially advocacy of extreme political measures .It can also be described as a, “political theory favoring immoderate, uncompromising policies.

Extremism is closely associated with terrorism, as the rise of extremism can also lead to increase in terrorist agendas. It is not a religion. It is not Islam. . It may be better defined as a “political agenda seeking justification in religion”. Normally extremism and terrorism are considered exchangeable words. In reality they are not. Terrorism is a physical act, whereas extremism is a state of mind. Terrorists resort to violence in order to achieve their objectives. Extremist preach and convince others to follow their thoughts.

There exists a clear linkage between the lack of human security and the phenomenon of extremism. Rise in extremism can lead to human insecurity and vice versa. The governments of South Asian states have not been able to provide their people with the basic, minimum human security since these states became independent. Governments and ruling classes, instead of focusing on dealing with the issues of human survival and development, embarked upon perpetuating their power and influence. Subsequently, no South Asian country has been able to free itself from discriminatory and exploitative policies, which increased insecurity and led to the rising number of communal and terrorist outfits. Despite the problems these outfits have created, no serious efforts were made by the governments or the civil society to curtail the rise in extremist trends at the initial stages. All of the regional states are facing the menace of extremism and terrorism in one or other form.

The South Asian region currently faces grave security threats due to the increasing extremism and terrorism. There are various factors that have led towards this situation.

The politics of violence and extremism in South Asia is mainly the result of faulty national policies and interference of external powers. The region’s vast potential is hostage to unresolved inter-state and intra-state conflicts. In most of the states, the governments (either democratic or military) have failed in providing good governance and solving social problems such as unemployment, social injustice, and poverty. The political culture in these states was unable to meet the imperatives of globalization. In addition, instead of promoting unity and integration (both at national and regional levels) it led to ethnic solidarities and identification with religion and culture. The main causes of Extremism are appended below: Extra-regional actors are primarily responsible for the ongoing wave of terrorism and rising extremism. To counter Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, the United States supported and sponsored the Pakistani government and also the Jihadi groups during the period 1979-1989, which in post-1990 period became a threat for the security and stability of Pakistan. After Soviet withdrawal and diminishing of US interests in the region, Pakistan was left in a complete lurch for dealing with the menace of terrorism and extremism spread over the decade of its war against Soviets. With the 9/11 incident, Pakistan once again became a frontline state in the war against terrorism. The renewed interference by US in Pakistan, and Pakistan’s support against Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan once again aggravated the extremist and anti-US elements, having extensive implications on internal security situation. The extremist trends have been boosted in the South Asian countries due to the interference by the by neighboring and extra-regional countries in the internal affairs of the states. The separatist and ethnic movements have also been supported from across the border, by the governments or any particular group, for its interests. Like the Tamil rebels group in Sri Lanka, is known to have links and has received support and been sponsored by the Indian government and the ethnic Tamil population in India. Similarly the Maoist in Nepal is known to have collaboration and sponsorship from India. The Kashmiri separatist movement in India has received support from the Pakistan. And the Bangla national movement, which, resulted in partition of Pakistan and formation of Bangladesh, was also strongly aided by Indian government.

Poor economic growth along with high population growth has led to the problems of mass unemployment, hunger and income inequality. The economic inequalities and deprivation has created frustration and insecurity among the masses, leading to an increasing criminalization of society in which there are available targets for exploitation by the extremist elements in and outside the governments. Along with the deteriorating economies of South Asia, governmental policies have accentuated the extremist trend in all these states. Governments, in these countries, whether civil or military, have used the religion and ethnic card, in order to prolong and strengthen their rule, further strengthening the fundamentalists and extremists in the society.

There were several factors and events that have led to extremism, sectarianism and terrorism in Pakistan. These factors include : First the impact of regional events like Iranian revolution, Afghan Jihad and emergence of Taliban; second Islamisation process by general Zia-ul-Haq in the late 70s and 80s; third impact of Freedom Struggle in Kashmir and Palestine issue; fourth 9/11 and events thereafter like US war on terror including Pakistan’s u-turn on its policy towards Taliban and joining Coalition/US forces as a Frontline state in war on terrorism; fifth Pakistan’s Arms Forces operations in FATA and US strikes in these areas including Lal Masid Operation and backlash in terms of increased number of suicide attacks on Armed Forces, Police and VIPs, extensions of Taliban infiltration and influence in settled areas-Swat in NWFP and sectarian crisis in Parachinar.

Short term and long term strategies have been put in place to control extremism. The short term measures include: first, eviction of foreign elements brought by USA and other countries to fight USSR and pacification of local supporters, of then the mujahiddin , and now referred to as militants; second ban on militant organizations, third, ban on hate material and check on misuse of mosque and loudspeaker. The long term strategy focuses on Madrassah reforms, revision of curriculum to bring it in line with the values of Islam and national discourse on real essence of Islam. Pakistan needs to adjust her policies regarding extremism and terrorism keeping in view current realities. Perhaps minimum use of force with more focus on political and economic components would be an appropriate strategy. The action –reaction and reaction-action kind of activities will never end until the strategy of fighting terror does not change. Closing down madrassas will not prevent extremism. It would only trigger more hatred and furious reaction. The best solution would be to bring madrassas back into the mainstream, where students are allowed to get both religious education as well as a modern education.

The way out of the current impasse as suggested by President Musharraf is “Enlightened Moderation” which is essentially a strategy of social reforms. On the one hand, Muslim countries should assume the responsibility for internal reforms, avoid extremism and confrontation and ensure economic and social development, through ensuring respect for human right and paying special attention to human resource development programmes. The West particularly the United States on the other hand should seek to resolve all political disputes that become breeding grounds of terrorism, reject equating Islam with terrorism and assist the Muslim world in poverty alleviation and socio-economic development.

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Military Operations In Pakistan:

This article is for the students of MSc Mass Communication from AIOU.

From 2003 to 2008, for a variety of reasons, Pakistani state gradually lost control over federally administered tribal areas.  The reasons were more related to strategic myopia at the highest level rather than strength of the militants. It took a while before military leadership understood the nature of the threat and started more professional planning, training and overhauling doctrine to face the new threat.  The nature of modern militaries is such that from conception to application on the ground takes time.

In post 2008 period, military embarked on a cautious push back.  In an effort to limit civilian casualties, civilians were asked to leave the intended area of operation.  This approach while beneficial on one level had a serious drawback as militants also moved on to their next rest stop before the start of operations.  The nature of the terrain with hills, forests and narrow gorges meant that interdiction attempts will be high risk.  In the early part of the operations, Special Services Group (SSG) was used to interdict some escape routes but when casualties mounted, this approach was scaled back.  The result was that majority of the militants including important leaders escaped the net.  Many mid and high level commanders of Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) were eliminated by U.S. drone strikes.  By 2012, army was able to take control of major towns of Malakand division and many tribal agencies.  Only swamp left was North Waziristan.  Under the direction of the office of the Chief of General Staff (CGS), final push towards North Waziristan was finalized and inner circle of Corps Commanders gave the nod for the operation. However, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani didn’t give the final go for reasons best known to him.  In my view, his own nature of contemplation and slower decision making process, deteriorating relations with United States and quarrels with political leadership made him think twice.  He was criticized for this and some ridiculed him with ‘analysis-paralysis’ syndrome.  To be fair to Kayani, people tend to forget the environment in which he was working.  General public opinion was not in favour of military operations, army was not trained for the task, security forces had experienced some embarrassing early reversals and state had lost not a small geographic area but lost control over large swaths of a very difficult terrain.  Army had gradually asserted control over Malakand division, Kurram, South Waziristan, Mohmand and Bajawar agencies as well as large parts of Orakzai and Khyber agencies during the tenure of Kayani. However, he could have proceeded with North Waziristan operation earlier.  When General Raheel Sharif succeeded Kayani in November 2013, he gave the final order and wheels were set in motion for North Waziristan operation. In June 2014, operation was formally started after many announcements asking locals to leave. A large number of militants also listened and moved across the border.

In most operations especially post 2008, army asked everybody to leave and then considered the territory ‘hostile’.  Those who remained were viewed with suspicion either as outright ‘hostile’ in sympathy with militants or not serving as ‘gracious hosts’ to the army.  Army was given unprecedented authority of kill and capture and they could use artillery and air assets as well as authority to destroy residential and commercial buildings. There is significant local resentment and it is not due to sympathy with militants but tribesmen are distressed by liberal use of bombings. These sentiments could have been ameliorated by more robust engagement of tribesmen and explaining to them the need for some of the measures such as curfews and neutralization of heavily fortified areas and tunnels with artillery and air assets.  A large number of tribesmen (not militant sympathizers) from Waziristan have taken refuge in Afghanistan.

In moving forward, one main hurdle is deep suspicion between army and civilian administrators of tribal areas. Currently, there is almost universal denouncement of civilian administration by the army.  In my conversations with a number of army officers they consider civilian political agent system as corrupt and inefficient and there is an element of truth in it (even today, many tribesmen recount with fond memory to me the bygone era of British political agents).  On the other hand, civilians criticize army for focusing only on kinetic operations and monopolizing all development projects in tribal areas thus not allowing civilian set up to gradually re-assert and they also have a valid point.  In current situation, tribesmen know where the power centre lies and they work directly with Colonels and Brigadiers.  In the long run, army has to hand over to the civilian set up in tribal areas. This is army’s ticket out and no matter how imperfect ultimately civilian structure needs to be put in place in secured areas.  Both parties should remember that they are on the same team and need to work together if they want to succeed. When army helped to equip and train police, the performance of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa (KPK) provincial police markedly improved. Similar joint efforts can improve working relationship but army should be willing to share power while civilian administrators have to take some risks and go back to work among people.

At general public level the ‘success’ of Operation Zarb-e-Azb is mainly at psychological level where average Pakistani not aware about the nuances came out of the depression and some sense of confidence is visible. Operationally, securing of main towns and major roads removed industrial scale bomb making factories resulting in marked reduction in large scale bombings of military and civilian targets.  This also resulted in removal of militants from general population which is an important piece of any counter-insurgency struggle. There has been marked improvement of efficiency of the army. I can see a sea change in terms of morale, training, efficiency, vigour and willing to tough it out in a very harsh terrain. One would not recognize the company, battalion and brigade level commanders of present army when compared with pre 2001 era.  War is a great auditor and teacher of institutions.  Army has reeled back from a perilous course and learned some very valuable and right lessons from the conflict. This is good omen both for the army and for the country.

The question of Pakistani TTP militants taking refuge in Afghanistan needs special elaboration.  First, the nature of Pakistan-Afghanistan border is such that it is very difficult to control cross border movement.  In the past, when Afghans and Americans complained about Afghan militants taking refuge on Pakistani territory after attacking targets in Afghanistan, Pakistanis told them that it was beyond their capacity.  To my knowledge, up to 2008, Afghans, Americans and Indians had no business with TTP (also hands off as far Baloch were concerned).  One needs to make a distinction between intelligence gathering and intelligence based covert operations using local assets. In view of multifaceted challenge, Pakistan’s neighbours as well as western intelligence agencies need information about the cauldron just as Pakistan needs information about threats to its own national interests.  Intelligence gathering is an accepted norm (in addition channels are also used especially for negotiating prisoner swaps or release of prisoners for money and Pakistan, Afghanistan, United States and Iran have used the channels for this specific purpose) but one needs to take a long deep breath before embarking on covert operations where unintended consequences usually surpass intended consequences.  Afghan and American outrage followed by Indian outrage at Mumbai carnage in 2008 changed the dynamics.  All three parties were convinced that Pakistan will not change its behaviour and in internal debate, hawks got an upper hand.  Now, TTP became another bargaining chip in the dirty games and national narrative on each side became more confused and erratic. In February 2013, commander of militants in Bajawar Faqir Muhammad and in October 2013 Hakimullah Mahsud’s envoy Latif Mahsud were arrested in Afghanistan.  There was some confusion regarding Latif and he was snatched by U.S. Special Forces from intelligence personnel of National Directorate of Security (NDS) in Afghanistan.  Later, he was handed over to Pakistan and a shaved and more humbled Latif is now singing like a canary.  If Pakistan had no interest in going after Afghan Taliban on its territory then surely Afghans and Americans were in no hurry to go after Mullah Fazlulluah parked in Nazyan in eastern Ningarhar province.

The complexity of current situation can be judged from events in remote areas of Ningarhar and Kunar where there is great pow wow of Afghan Taliban, Pakistani TTP and Daesh.  Pakistani militants who escaped from Pakistan army’s operation in Orakzai and Khyber agencies crossed the border into eastern Afghanistan and strengthened the hand of nascent Daesh.  With this newly acquired muscle, Daesh starting from Shinwar district cleared the Taliban and expanded influence in Achin, Nazyan, Spin Ghar, Khogyani and Chaparhar districts. When Pakistanis obliged Washington, U.S. drones started to hunt for Fazlullah and he narrowly escaped. Afghans and United States gave a free pass to Afghan Taliban while Tehran happily handed some cash so that Afghan Taliban could thin the ranks of Daesh.  Afghan Taliban assembled a large posse and went after Daesh and in the process downgraded their structure. Since the start of 2016, U.S. has expanded its drone policy against Daesh in eastern Afghanistan with more wider targeting authority.  Militants will now likely move towards Kunar and drones will also likely follow them there. Drones need to be integrated with Afghan security forces and local militias to prevent militants from entrenching in a specific geographic area. It will be interesting to see how the conflict unfolds in Kunar as there will be a volatile mix of militants from Taliban, Hizb-e-Islami of Gulbadin Hikmatyar, local Salafi armed groups and newly arrived Daesh as well as Pakistani militants who have crossed over from Bajawar.

All concerned parties (Pakistan, United States, Afghanistan, Iran, India; in that order of importance) suffer from the same illness and that is sacrificing long term interests for short term gains.  The desire of ‘instant gratification’ is so strong that they lose the larger picture. All this is happening in the backdrop of deep suspicions about motives of the ‘other’.  Reminds me Henry Kissinger’s words quoted in Beschloss’s May Day about Cold war when he summed up the behaviour of the two super powers as ‘like two heavily armed men feeling their way around a room, each believing himself in mortal peril from the other, whom he assumes to have perfect vision.  Each tends to ascribe to the other a consistency, foresight and coherence that its own experience belies’. Some adult supervision is needed at many levels where each party understands its own limitations and finds ways to work on common grounds despite genuine differences.

“They who run for cover with every reverse, the timid and faint of heart, will have no part in winning the war.  Harry Hopkins

 Note: These views are based my interaction with diverse groups of people not only well informed but also ordinary folks including Pakistanis, Indians, Afghans and Americans as well as travels to the region.

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Best Sites For Legal and Free Content For Bloggers:

This article is for those bloggers who want to write content on their blogs but they are unable to do so. While copying content from other sites and blogs, they face copyright issues. This article will be helpful for newbies who want any type of approvals for their blogs.
     In this article, I will tell you the best sites from where you can pick content relevant to your blog without any copyright issue. So lets begin...

www.copyrightfreecontent.com

This is top best site for any kind of copyright free content. You can pick content of any genre from this site. A lot of categories are available on this site such as health, education, entertainment etc.

www.articlesbase.com

For text content, Articlesbase is usually the site to search first. In addition to having some 400,000 articles available for republishing, the site makes it very easy to search for and embed the content, even providing HTML versions of the text. As with most free article sites, the quality of the content varies wildly, but the site does have a reputation system to help you find good authors. Please be careful to obey the publisher terms of use when re-posting articles and, as always, double check to make sure that the content is original before posting it.

www.archive.org

The Web Archive, in addition to being a great resource to see what Google looked like in 1998, has one of the largest libraries of audio available for reuse. It’s Open Source Audio section has over 150,000 tracks of all varieties licensed under different Creative Commons Licenses. Finding what you want might be a bit tedious, but it can be a great way to find new intro music for your podcast, which is what I did, or perhaps some new music to embed.

www.hulu.com

If you want to embed video from some of your favorite television shows, Hulu provides one of the easiest ways to do it. With over fifty content partners including NBC, Fox and MGM, you can find and embed clips from favorite shows, both current and past. You can even trim the clips to focus in on just the part that you want, ideal for making a point about a particular point or event.

www.freeimages.com

If you need excellent-quality and high-resolution stock photography quickly, the stock.xchnge is easily one of the leaders. With over 350,000 images, many available for commercial use without attribution. The site itself is easily searched but one has to be careful both to obey the licenses for each image, which can vary from work to work, and to ensure that any work with a recognizable person has an appropriate model release before using it commercially.

commons.wikimedia.org

With over 2 million media files, including images, videos, audio and eBooks, all available under Creative Commons, open source or public domain licensing, Wikimedia commons is a great resource for anyone looking for media to use. Though commonly thought of as just another part of Wikipedia, files placed into the Wikimedia Commons are available for use by anyone and the site is easily searchable.

www.thenewsroom.com

YouTube gets most of the glory when it comes to embedding video, but Voxant Newsroom has been steadily building a huge library of professional-quality videos, images and articles for easy embedding into other sites. You can find material from the Associated Press, Reuters, CBS, the BBC and many more. They also have content from dozens of local TV news programs making it a great choice for local bloggers. I will be covering this site in more detail on my site tomorrow.

www.flickr.com

If you want to embed video from some of your favorite television shows, Hulu provides one of the easiest ways to do it. With over fifty content partners including NBC, Fox and MGM, you can find and embed clips from favorite shows, both current and past. You can even trim the clips to focus in on just the part that you want, ideal for making a point about a particular point or event.

                      The bottom line is that, if you’re looking for free, legal content for your site, there are many sources available to you. Whether you are seeking to embed the content or host your own, there are resources available to help you get the content you need without worrying about either copyright or payment.

The hope is that these sites will encourage legitimate and fair reuse of content so that fewer people will be tempted to plagiarize and outright rip off artists and authors. Though bad people will always do bad things, at least some can be dissuaded when presented a practical, legal alternative.

In the end, these sites are great resources for all bloggers and I encourage bloggers to support these sites not just by contributing content to them as practical, but by correctly using the works found within.

Edited By: Muhammad Waqas

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The efforts of the present government to overcome the internal issues of Pakistan:

Before discussing the efforts of the current government to overcome the problems of Pakistan, we should take a look at the main problems of Pakistan.

Pakistan came into being in 1947. Since its inception it has been surrounded by countless internal as well as external problems. All these problems seem to have become fate of our country. Problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, provincialism, Baluchistan issue, extremism, terrorism etc. are now posing a great threat to our existence. Despite being rich in natural resources we still are unable to utilize them fully and fairly. Due to underutilization of these vast resources, we are still a way behind in the race of development. Not only internal problems have kept Pakistan engaged but also external problems have always been a bolt from blue for our country. It is mainly due to the mishandling of the internal issues. Our country is losing its true image. This has resulted in foreign interventions into our national affairs and has undermined our progress. According to the current government of PMLN, they are trying their best but the problems of Pakistan are still present as in the past.

The present era is the age of low intensity conflicts rather than conventional wars. So, it is extremely important to understand our internal dynamics, challenges and threats such as national integration, ethnicity, sectarianism, drug mafia, political system, bad economic conditions and economic disparities, and geographic vulnerabilities. The main internal fronts which are directly affecting the foreign policy of Pakistan are the followings; 

Political stability is one of the biggest threats that Pakistan has from the very beginning. The incompetence of our leaders has always provided the army a golden chance to topple the elected governments. Every military ruler has seized the power with countless promises to the masses. But with the passage of time, political leaders learnt from their misdeeds and last government of PPP had completed their tenure. After the election of 2013, Pakistan has faced political stability on many situations but this time PMLN government is on their way to complete their tenure of five years. Current government has organized many APCs to overcome the issue of political instability but the situation is growing negatively day by day.

           Furthermore, judiciary is another problem of Pakistan. Justice in Pakistan is very far behind. Courts are for the poor citizens of the country. There are no courts, no cases and no judiciary for the aristocratic class of the country. PMLN government in punjab is working on this issue very effectively. CM Punjab has introduced many reforms in the system of judiciary. Hope that after several years, each citizen of the country will be considered equal in the eyes of courts.

Energy crisis is further adding to the problems of Pakistan. Energy crisis is not less than a threat. It has proved a bolt from blue for our economy. PMLN government has worked very much on the said issue so far. PM Pakistan has signed many projects of energy formation with several countries in which China is above all. The project of CPEC with China will lessen all the energy crisis of Pakistan.

        Water shortage is another setback to our country. Being agricultural, our country largely depends on canal water for irrigation. But the mismanagement of water resources and Indian hegemony has caused the shortage. The role of Indus River System Authority (IRSA) has also been dismal in this regard. Current government is trying to establish the positive relations with India so that the mismanagement of water which India performs off and on can be managed and we could overvcome this issue.

       Illiteracy is not less than a curse for a society. Education has been the most neglected sector in Pakistan. The fact that 50% of children do not complete their primary education testifies this fact. Uneducated adults are burden on national exchequer. Economy prospers in educated society. Every year, Nawaz government makes a huge amount of budget for Education. Education in KPK is growing faster. Punjab government is taking steps to illiminate the illiteracy from the country. CM Punjab has taken many steps to educate the Pakistan by appointing many young educators every year, by giving free education in govt schools, by establishing many govt schools in the province.

         Corruption is another major threat. It has assumed the shape of a fashion in our society. It has firmly entrenched its roots in our society. It has become the part of each and every department of government. From clerical staff to higher officers and bureaucrats, all are involved in corruption of one kind or the other. It is weakening the roots of our system. Current govenment is failed to overcome this issue positively.

        Relations of Pakistan with the neighbouring countries are also another issue. Our relation with India is growing negatively due the Kashmir issue and due to terrorism. Relation with Afghanistan is also growing badly due to terrorism. Current government is trying to establish the positive relations with the said countries but they are failed to do so. 

        It is a fact that there are many hurdles in running the country. But sincere leadership with proper management can do wonders. It is never too late to act. What is needed is the proper implementation of policies. Here are some suggestions to climb out of internal problems.

• There should be balance between all the institutions of the country. All institutions must work within the boundary of their limit. It will ensure the proper functioning of the governmental machinery.

• The centre and the federating units must develop good relation. All the thorny issues between them should be resolved with the sincerity of purpose. Grievances of the provinces must be redressed on priority basis.

• Equal distribution of natural resources must be ensured. Provinces must be given right and due share over their natural resources.

• Justice is indispensible to good governance. Access to cheap and quick justice should be made possible for everyone. Dispensation of justice must be irrespective of class, creed and religion.

• Economic policies must be revised. They must be reformed to meet the demands of the poor masses. Agricultural and industrial sectors must be revolutionized to attract investment and boost the economy.

• Cut-down of extra expenditure by down-sizing the administrative setup is the dire need of the hour. It would be greatly helpful in reducing debt burden from our country.

• All the institutions responsible for maintaining accountability should be authorized. Legislation must be enacted to improve accountability. It must be started from the top. Everyone, no matter how powerful is he, must be brought to book.

• Anti-corruption courts be established. All the cases of corruption must be decided on priority basis to check the wheel of corruption.

• Media should be made free. Freedom of media is the real essence of good governance. Media is called the fourth pillar of the state and is instrumental in ensuring good governance.

It can be concluded that Pakistan is trapped in numerous internal problems. All the problems are interlinked to one another. They have formed a vicious circle and appear again and again in one form or the other. Every government has always ignored them considering as minor. This sheer negligence from the part of our government, whether democratic or doctorial, has turned these issues into a grave threat. They have now become the biggest challenge for our country. In the wake of these challenges, Pakistan’s survival is at stake. Trapped in the shackles of internal problems our country has been unable to promote its fair image on external front. It is proving fatal and undermining our stance on internal level. Time is ripe now to address internal issues on priority basis before they go out of control. These issue, challenges and threats must seriously be considered by our policy makers. Policies, to tackle them, be made and implemented with the sincerity of purpose. Collective efforts are required on all fronts. The whole nation must join hands in hands to face them. No issue can be resolved in an overnight. A sustained effort and toil is needed in order to uproot these problems. Our intelligentsia, scholars, writers, champions, and educated strata can be instrumental in this regard. A strong Pakistan should be our first priority. If we have to make certain hard decisions for its accomplishment no one should hesitate to lead and pull the trigger. Indeed, Pakistan comes first even before our personal vested interests.

Edited By: Muhammad Waqas

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Current Political Situation of Pakistan:

Pakistan is a developing country and it is politically unstable but we live in the world where everything is possible. Democratic governments have always failed to complete their tenure which eventually results in a long lasting dictatorship reign. In current Political Situation of Pakistan, there is a clear domination by few families only and these families have never produced long lasting fruitful results.

                    The political system has been stagnant since 70′s and no drastic change has taken place. The chair of head of state has been a war between the head of the army staff and a few noticeable political leaders. Who has suffered? Well, you guessed it right, the nation!

                    If we observe the political situation of Pakistan, much of the politics is based on different ethnic groups. It’s fair to say that the current political situation of Pakistan is in dire need of substantial changes if we compare it to the political systems of leading nations in the world.

           In Pakistan Politics almost every party represents a particular ethnic group, therefore no party has got the support in every region because the role of political parties in Pakistan is very much based upon different ethnic groups they represent. This is one of the major reasons of slow development in some specific areas as compared to others. There are a number key problems in political system of Pakistan, & the list grows on and on with every passing minute.

                 Pakistani politics has started to take an adverse route as the layman pursues to struggle in the rut. The current situation in Karachi and Baluchistan is worse than ever. The blame of these riots clearly is on politicians who are just manipulating different groups to get benefits for themselves. If the current political situation in Pakistan does not change, the country would keep on suffering at the hands of monarchs and waderas!

The role of youth in current political situation of Pakistan seems to be missing in this scenario and needs to be looked upon if the country is to strive for betterment. One possible solution for the underlying problem is to improve the problems of education system that erodes as every day falls behind.

            These points will elaborate the current political situation of Pakistan and the causes of this situation.

1. There is no doubt the society as a whole is corrupt and the upper classes are more corrupt than others.
2. The state institutions are corrupt.
3. It is believed that if corruption is eradicated, everything will be OK.
4. That is why the higher judiciary today is admired.
5. It is forgotten that corruption will only be curbed, if not eradicated, when there is a strong democratic dispensation in place, a strong parliament being key to it.
6. The admiration for the higher judiciary shows the people are being motivated by considerations of private morality.
7. The demand for a strong democracy and a sovereign parliament lies in the domain of public morality.
8. Both private morality and public morality are needed, but private morality can only thrive when public morality is established and is strong.
9. The present crisis reflects the tension between the demands of private and public moralities.
10. The eilte can afford to live in a society without public morality.
11. Therefore they are clamouring for the prevalence of clean private morality.
12. The demand for social justice can only be met if there is a strong democracy.
13. It is not the question of which is better: social justice or democratic dispensation.
14. What is needed to realise is that without democracy there cannot be a fair society.
15. If we fail to make democracy prevail, we will collapse.

Edited By: Muhammad Waqas

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